rosalind franklin(khairah and SNAZ)

HeY gUyZ

 wanna know about Rosalind Franklin ? Lets start with the basic,INTRODUCTION                                                                                                                                                                           

name;rosalind elsie franklin
born;25 july 1920  
died;16 April 1958
institutions;British Coal Utilisation Research Association
Laboratoire central des services chimiques de l'ÉtatKing's College London
Birkbeck College, London
    now that u know rosalind quite well,
                                         let's get deeper into her history!!!
   rosalind was a British biophysicist, physicist, chemist, biologist and X-ray crystallographer who made contributions to the understanding of the fine we molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal and graphite. isnt this so cool!!! Franklin is still best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA. even fracis crick and james watson used  her data for their hypotheses regarding DNA.

     Sad stories always appear,
                                here , we present to u about a sad story........

              rosalind died at the age of  37 in the year 1958.In the summer of 1956, while on a work-related trip to the United States, Franklin first began to suspect a health problem—she found she could no longer do up her skirt because of a lump around her abdomen.^[78] An operation in September of the same year revealed two tumours in her abdomen. she died at the cause of the ovarian cancer.she was too young to die!!!!!


      after a hurricane, comes a rainbow
                               after all the pain ,comes a shadow

           the noble prize was held and greatly , rosalind was one of the winner. since rosalind had died, watson , crick and wilkin took the prize for her.The award was for their body of work on nucleic acids and not exclusively for the discovery of the structure of DNA.


so long for now,hope to talk to you soon.

   -SNAZ & Khairah

Yang Chen Ning(syafiqah and maryam)

CHEN YANG NING

born:         1 October 1922

                  Hefei,Anhui,China.

residence:  China

nationality:  United States (1964)

fields:           Physics

institution:    Institute of advanced study

                    State University of New York at Stony Brook

                              Chinese University of Hong Kong

Tsinghua university
University of Chicago       notable      Noble prize in Physics awards:     (1957)
Rumford prize(1980)                                   National Medal of Science
Benjamin Frankin Medal
Albert Eistien Medal

                                      

HGP (syafiqah)

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

HGP:The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint.The project began in 1990 and was initially headed by Ari Patrinos, head of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. Francis Collins directed the National Institutes of Health National Human Genome Research Institute efforts.

Benefits:There are also many tangible benefits for biological scientists. For example, a researcher investigating a certain form of cancer may have narrowed down his/her search to a particular gene.                                   

The work on interpretation of genome data is still in its initial stages. It is anticipated that detailed knowledge of the human genome will provide new avenues for advances in medicine and biotechnology. Clear practical results of the project emerged even before the work was finished. For example, a number of companies, such as Myriad Genetics started offering easy ways to administer genetic tests that can show predisposition to a variety of illnesses, including breast cancer, disorders of hemostasis, cystic fibrosis, liver diseases and many others. Also, the etiologies for cancers, Alzheimer's disease and other areas of clinical interest are considered likely to benefit from genome information and possibly may lead in the long term to significant advances in their management.
 Divied into:The ethical issues raised by the human genome project can be grouped into two general categories: genetic engineering and genetic information.

Genetic engineering
The first category consists of issues pertaining to genetic manipulation or what is sometimes called “genetic engineering.” The map of the human genome provides information that will allow us to diagnose and eventually treat many diseases. This map will also enable us to determine the genetic basis of numerous physical and psychological traits, which raises the possibility of altering those traits through genetic intervention. Reflection on the ethical permissibility of genetic manipulation is typically structured around two relevant distinctions:

• the distinction between somatic cell and germline intervention, and
• the distinction between therapeutic and enhancement engineering

          Somatic cells manipulate alters body cells,which means that resulting changes are limited to an individual. In contrast,germline manipulation alters reproductive cells, are passed on to future generations.Therapeutice engineering occurs when genetic interventions are used to rectify diseases or deficiencies. In contrast enchancement engineerings attemps extend traits or capacities beyond their normal levels.

                                          

                                         Genetics Information

 The second general category consists of ethical questions pertaining to the acquisition and use of genetic information. Once we pinpoint the genetic basis for diseases and other phenotypic traits, what parameters should be set for the acquisition and use of genetic information? The key issue to be considered here is the use of genetic screening. Screening for diseases with the due consent of a patient or a legal proxy is generally viewed as ethically permissible, but even this form of screening can create some significant ethical challenges. Knowledge that one is or may be affected by a serious disease can create difficult situations for both patients and their families.
       Opinions: There are some advantages and disadvantages.

Albert Einstien (waseema and faaizah)

Albert Einstein was a great man. He was born on 14 March 1879 at Ulm,Kingdom of Württemberg,German Empire and died on 18 April 1955 (aged 76) at Princeton,New Jersey ,United States.Albert Einstein first attended a Chatolic elementary school from the age of five until ten.Although Einstein had early speech difficulties,he was a top student in elementary school.Then he moved on to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium.After finishing this Einstein wrote his first scientific work,"The Investigation of the States of Aether in Magnetic Fields".Einstein applied directly to the Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule (ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland. Lacking the requisite Matura certificate, he took an entrance examination, which he failed, although he got exceptional marks in mathematics and physics.The Einsteins sent Albert to Aarau, in northern Switzerland to finish secondary school.While lodging with the family of Professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. In Aarau, Einstein studied Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. At age 17, he graduated, and, with his father's approval, renounced his citizenship in the German Kingdom of Württemberg to avoid military service, and in 1896 he enrolled in the four year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Polytechnic in Zurich.Einstein's future wife, Mileva Marić, also enrolled at the Polytechnic that same year.Over the next few years, Einstein and Marić's friendship developed into romance.

Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, the couple's first son, Hans Albert Einstein, was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their second son, Eduard, was born in Zurich in July 1910. In 1914, Einstein moved to Berlin, while his wife remained in Zurich with their sons. Marić and Einstein divorced on 14 February 1919, having lived apart for five years.
Einstein married Elsa Löwenthal on 2 June 1919, after having had a relationship with her since 1912. She was his first cousin maternally and his second cousin paternally. In 1933, they emigrated permanently to the United States. In 1935, Elsa Einstein was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems and died in December 1936.






TO BE COUNTINUED SOON!!!!

John Dalton .

John Dalton ( 1766 - 1844 ) , english meteorologist who switched to chemistry when he saw the applications for chemistry of his ideas about the atmosphere. He proposed the Atomic Theoryin 1803 which stated that (1) all matter was composed of small indivisible particles termed atoms, (2) atoms of a given element possess unique characteristics and weight, and (3) three types of atoms exist: simple (elements), compound (simple molecules), and complex (complex molecules). Dalton's theory was presented in New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808-1827). This work identified chemical elements as a specific type of atom, therefore rejecting Newton's theory of chemical affinities.

Instead, Dalton inferred proportions of elements in compounds by taking ratios of the weights of reactants, setting the atomic weight  of hydrogen to be identically one. Following richter, he proposed that chemical elements combine in integral ratios. Despite the importance of the work as the first view of atoms as physically real entities and introduction of a system of chemical symbols, New System of Chemical Philosophy devoted almost as much space to the caloric theory   as to atomism .

The English teacher, chemist, and physicist John Dalton was best known for developing the ancient concept of atoms into a scientific theory that has become a foundation of modern chemistry. He considered himself primarily a teacher and earned his living by teaching and lecturing until 1833, when he was awarded an annual civil pension. A self-taught experimenter, he devised simple but effective apparatuses for his well-planned tests. Although authors have emphasized the crudeness of his results, much of his data is remarkably accurate.

 Throughout his life Dalton was interested in the Earth's atmosphere, and he recorded more than 200,000 atmospheric observations in his notebooks. These observations led Dalton to study gases, and from the results of his experiments he was able to formulate his atomic theory. In a book on meteorology, he concluded that the aurora borealis is a magnetic phenomenon. He also explained the condensation of dew and gave a table of vapor pressures of water at various temperatures. Dalton was the first to publish the generalization that all gases initially at the same temperature expand equally on going to the same higher temperature. His law of partial pressures was included in a paper (1803) on gas solubilitis.Dalton's atomic theory was expressed in public lectures in 1803 and later in his New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808). Many scientists, including William Higgins, had considered matter to be made of atoms, but Dalton provided a model from which definite predictions could be made. 

This theory incorporated additional features that have since been discarded, but the realization that each atom has a characteristic mass and that atoms of elements are unchanged in chemical processes has served chemists to the present day.

                                                                                                

( Putri And Deyah , besties forever (: )

HGP ( Putri )

Advantages Of HGP .

                                  HGP is benficial to many . Its advantages are that sciencetist has been reseaching about it and through HGP , it can actually cure life threatening diseases like Alzheimer and Cancer .

                                  HGP can also ensure that , if the parents are disable , the children won't be disable like them or have any other unwanted deaseases .

                                  The Human Genome Project is already having a great impact on the biomedical field and this research is currently used the most in molecular medicine.                                
                                  The study of molecular medicine helps in preventing conditions that lead to advanced disease and has led to many exciting developments in the field of medical science. Along with advantages, the Human Genome Project has some issues regarding the money that has been spent on this project and whether this project can benefit poor countries. As we closely look at the intentions of this project, one must realize that this project can really benefit all countries in fighting against serious diseases.

 My Opinions ?

I think that HGP has advantages and desadvantages , i mean everything does right ?

Through HGP , we would know what the person will eventually look like .

It is kinda bad cause , we are changing what we have been given .

We should actually apreciate it not change it .

Also through HGP , we can actually be sure that our lives are deasease-free .

Its a good bad thing .

It can cure many ilnesses . So , HGP is a good plus bad thing (:

                                     

By , Putri Nurfalah ..

PICTURES (Shereen & Umairah)

SO sorry forgotten some Watsons picts.

  HERE...........................

its nice rite?

JAMES WATSON BIOGRAPHY

Done by the gals: Umairah & Shereen

JAMES WATSON   BIOGRAPHY

. James Dewey Watson or known as James Watson

. Born in 6^th   April 1926,(umairah; even my grandparents was not born yet)  Born in Chicago 11.

. He was the only son of James D. Watson

, a businessman and Jean Mitchell (his mum)

.Education

Watson spent his boyhood in Chicago, where he attended   for eight years Horace mann   grammar School and for two years South Shore High School. He then received  a  tuttion scholarship to the University of Chicago, and in the summer of 1943(shereen;then only my grandmother born) entered  their experimental  four-year collage.

.Watson was an American molecular biologist ,geneticist, and zoologist.

.He was best known as of the best co-discovers of the structure DNA with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins were awarded in 1962 (the year my grandmother was learning how to read but they received their awardJ)

.DNA- Deoxyribonucleic.

.He studied in at the University of Chicago and Indiana University and subsequently worked at the University of Cambridge’s Cavendish Laboratory in England, where he first met his future collaborator and personal friend Francis Crick.(shereen n umairah;what nice names they have those days...) hahaha!   ; )

HGP- faaizah and waseema. Continuity...

The knowledge of the effects of variation of  DNA among individuals can revolutionize how to diagnose, treat and even prevent several diseases that affects the human beings. It also provides clues about the human biology and understand it better.

In my opinion, HGP can be a good thing for some people. But to me, I should just be thankful for what I have because I am a muslim.

Human Genome Project

The Human Genome Project(HGP) is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint.<sup>[

     Benefits:</sup> The human genome will provide new avenues for advances in medicine and biotechnology. Clear practical results of the project emerged even before the work was finished. For example, a number of companies, such as Myriad Genetics started offering easy ways to administer genetic tests that can show predisposition to a variety of illnesses, including breast cancer, disorders of hemostasis, cystic fibrosis, liver diseases and many others. Also, the etiologies for cancers, Alzheimer's disease and other areas of clinical interest are considered likely to benefit from genome information and possibly may lead in the long term to significant advances in their management.
                       
There are also many tangible benefits for biological scientists. For example, a researcher investigating a certain form of cancer may have narrowed down his/her search to a particular gene. By visiting the human genome database on the World Wide Web, this researcher can examine what other scientists have written about this gene, including (potentially) the three-dimensional structure of its product, its function(s), its evolutionary relationships to other human genes, or to genes in mice or yeast or fruit flies, possible detrimental mutations, interactions with other genes, body tissues in which this gene is activated, diseases associated with this gene or other datatypes.

Opinion: I love this topic as i love studying about humans!!(: ~iman~