cute rite?~
from was n izah
Monday, January 24, 2011
Sunday, January 23, 2011
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT. Done by; Siti Nursarah, 1 Istiqamah
Findings:Siti Nursarah , 1 Istiqamah
Key findings of the draft (2001) and complete (2004) genome sequences include.
1. There are approximately 20,500 genes in human beings, the same range as in mice and twice that of roundworms. Understanding how these genes express themselves will provide clues to how diseases are caused.
2. Between 1.1% to 1.4% of the genome's sequence codes for proteins
3. The human genome has significantly more segmental duplications (nearly identical, repeated sections of DNA) than other mammalian genomes. These sections may underlie the creation of new primate-specific genes
4. At the time when the draft sequence was published less than 7% of protein families appeared to be vertebrate specific
How it was accomplished
The first printout of the human genome to be presented as a series of books, displayed at the Wellcome Collection, London
The Human Genome Project was started in 1989 with the goal of sequencing and identifying all three billion chemical units in the human genetic instruction set, finding the genetic roots of disease and then developing treatments. With the sequence in hand, the next step was to identify the genetic variants that increase the risk for common diseases like cancer and diabetes.
It was far too expensive at that time to think of sequencing patients’ whole genomes. So the National Institutes of Health embraced the idea for a "shortcut", which was to look just at sites on the genome where many people have a variant DNA unit. The theory behind the shortcut was that since the major diseases are common, so too would be the genetic variants that caused them. Natural selection keeps the human genome free of variants that damage health before children are grown, the theory held, but fails against variants that strike later in life, allowing them to become quite common. (In 2002 the National Institutes of Health started a $138 million project called the HapMap to catalog the common variants in European, East Asian and African genomes.)
The genome was broken into smaller pieces; approximately 150,000 base pairs in length. These pieces were then ligated into a type of vector known as "bacterial artificial chromosomes", or BACs, which are derived from bacterial chromosomes which have been genetically engineered. The vectors containing the genes can be inserted into bacteria where they are copied by the bacterial DNA replication machinery. Each of these pieces was then sequenced separately as a small "shotgun" project and then assembled. The larger, 150,000 base pairs go together to create chromosomes. This is known as the "hierarchical shotgun" approach, because the genome is first broken into relatively large chunks, which are then mapped to chromosomes before being selected for sequencing.
Funding came from the US government through the National Institutes of Health in the United States, and a UK charity organization, the Wellcome Trust, as well as numerous other groups from around the world. The funding supported a number of large sequencing centers including those at Whitehead Institute, the Sanger Centre, Washington University, and Baylor College of Medicine.
The Human Genome Project is considered a Mega Project because the human genome has approximately 3.3 billion base-pairs; if the cost of sequencing is US $3 per base-pair, then the approximate cost will be US $10 billion.
If the sequence obtained was to be stored in book form, and if each page contained 1000 base-pairs recorded and each book contained 1000 pages, then 3300 such books would be needed in order to store the complete genome. However, if expressed in units of computer data storage, 3.3 billion base-pairs recorded at 2 bits per pair would equal 786 megabytes of raw data. This is comparable to a fully data loaded CD.
Genome projects are scientific endeavours that ultimately aim to determine the complete genome sequence of an organism (be it an animal, a plant, a fungus, a bacterium, an archaean, a protist or a virus). The genome sequence for any organism requires the DNA sequences for each of the chromosomes in an organism to be determined. For bacteria, which usually have just one chromosome, a genome project will aim to map the sequence of that chromosome. Humans, with 22 pairs of autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes, will require 46 separate chromosome sequences in order to represent the completed genome.
The Human Genome Project was a landmark genome project that is already having a major impact on research across the life sciences, with potential for spurring numerous medical and commercial developments.
Example genome projects
L1 Dominette 01449, the Hereford who serves as the subject of the Bovine Genome Project
Many organisms have genome projects that have either been completed or will be completed shortly, including:
• Humans, Homo sapiens; see Human genome project
• Palaeo-Eskimo,[3] an ancient-human
• Neanderthal, "Homo neanderthalensis" (partial); see Neanderthal Genome Project
• Common Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes; see Chimpanzee Genome Project
• Domestic Cow [8]
• Bovine Genome
• Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium
• Human microbiome project
• International Grape Genome Program
• International HapMap Project
Key findings of the draft (2001) and complete (2004) genome sequences include.
1. There are approximately 20,500 genes in human beings, the same range as in mice and twice that of roundworms. Understanding how these genes express themselves will provide clues to how diseases are caused.
2. Between 1.1% to 1.4% of the genome's sequence codes for proteins
3. The human genome has significantly more segmental duplications (nearly identical, repeated sections of DNA) than other mammalian genomes. These sections may underlie the creation of new primate-specific genes
4. At the time when the draft sequence was published less than 7% of protein families appeared to be vertebrate specific
How it was accomplished
The first printout of the human genome to be presented as a series of books, displayed at the Wellcome Collection, London
The Human Genome Project was started in 1989 with the goal of sequencing and identifying all three billion chemical units in the human genetic instruction set, finding the genetic roots of disease and then developing treatments. With the sequence in hand, the next step was to identify the genetic variants that increase the risk for common diseases like cancer and diabetes.
It was far too expensive at that time to think of sequencing patients’ whole genomes. So the National Institutes of Health embraced the idea for a "shortcut", which was to look just at sites on the genome where many people have a variant DNA unit. The theory behind the shortcut was that since the major diseases are common, so too would be the genetic variants that caused them. Natural selection keeps the human genome free of variants that damage health before children are grown, the theory held, but fails against variants that strike later in life, allowing them to become quite common. (In 2002 the National Institutes of Health started a $138 million project called the HapMap to catalog the common variants in European, East Asian and African genomes.)
The genome was broken into smaller pieces; approximately 150,000 base pairs in length. These pieces were then ligated into a type of vector known as "bacterial artificial chromosomes", or BACs, which are derived from bacterial chromosomes which have been genetically engineered. The vectors containing the genes can be inserted into bacteria where they are copied by the bacterial DNA replication machinery. Each of these pieces was then sequenced separately as a small "shotgun" project and then assembled. The larger, 150,000 base pairs go together to create chromosomes. This is known as the "hierarchical shotgun" approach, because the genome is first broken into relatively large chunks, which are then mapped to chromosomes before being selected for sequencing.
Funding came from the US government through the National Institutes of Health in the United States, and a UK charity organization, the Wellcome Trust, as well as numerous other groups from around the world. The funding supported a number of large sequencing centers including those at Whitehead Institute, the Sanger Centre, Washington University, and Baylor College of Medicine.
The Human Genome Project is considered a Mega Project because the human genome has approximately 3.3 billion base-pairs; if the cost of sequencing is US $3 per base-pair, then the approximate cost will be US $10 billion.
If the sequence obtained was to be stored in book form, and if each page contained 1000 base-pairs recorded and each book contained 1000 pages, then 3300 such books would be needed in order to store the complete genome. However, if expressed in units of computer data storage, 3.3 billion base-pairs recorded at 2 bits per pair would equal 786 megabytes of raw data. This is comparable to a fully data loaded CD.
Genome projects are scientific endeavours that ultimately aim to determine the complete genome sequence of an organism (be it an animal, a plant, a fungus, a bacterium, an archaean, a protist or a virus). The genome sequence for any organism requires the DNA sequences for each of the chromosomes in an organism to be determined. For bacteria, which usually have just one chromosome, a genome project will aim to map the sequence of that chromosome. Humans, with 22 pairs of autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes, will require 46 separate chromosome sequences in order to represent the completed genome.
The Human Genome Project was a landmark genome project that is already having a major impact on research across the life sciences, with potential for spurring numerous medical and commercial developments.
Example genome projects
L1 Dominette 01449, the Hereford who serves as the subject of the Bovine Genome Project
Many organisms have genome projects that have either been completed or will be completed shortly, including:
• Humans, Homo sapiens; see Human genome project
• Palaeo-Eskimo,[3] an ancient-human
• Neanderthal, "Homo neanderthalensis" (partial); see Neanderthal Genome Project
• Common Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes; see Chimpanzee Genome Project
• Domestic Cow [8]
• Bovine Genome
• Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium
• Human microbiome project
• International Grape Genome Program
• International HapMap Project
Wednesday, January 19, 2011
waseema and faaizah (albert einstein)
sorry my computer problem so cant upload einstein photo...
MAAF.......SORRY........KINDLY FROM WASEEMA AND FAAIZAH
MAAF.......SORRY........KINDLY FROM WASEEMA AND FAAIZAH
Tuesday, January 18, 2011
Yang Chen Ning
Yang Chen Ning was born in 22 September 1922 in Hefei,Anhui,China. He is a resident in China and his nationality is United States(1964-). His fields are on Physics,Statistical Mechanics and more... THe was the first of five children of Yang Ke Chuan and Yang Meng Hwa Loh. He is also known as Frank or Franklin Yang.
His father was a professor of mathematics. Mr Yang Chen Ning is a hard worker allowing himself very little leisure time. He married Tu Chih Li in 1950 and now a father of 3 children. He won several notable awards such as National Medal Of Science in 1986 and Albert Einstein Medal in 1995.
Done By: Hikmah Dinillah & Anis Radhiah Azzahra
Monday, January 17, 2011
ROSALIND FRANKLIN PT.2
Rosalind Elsie Franklin born on 25 July 1920 was a British biophysicist, physicist, chemist, biologist and X-ray crystallographer.
Her contributions for science was the understanding of the fine molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal and graphite.
She was best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA.
Rosalind was first educated at St Paul's Girls' School and North London Collegiate School where she excelled in science, Latin and sports. She then went up to Newnham College, Cambridge in 1938, and studied chemistry. In 1941 she was awarded Second Class Honours in her Finals. This was accepted as a bachelor's degree for employment. Cambridge University awarded her a Ph.D. in 1945.
On 16 April 1958, she died due to ovarian cancer.
Characteristics that makes her a good and successful scientist was that she never gave up and lose hope. She did her best and made a few contributions for science that we learn now.
Done by: Nur Filzah and Noor Zaydah Hilwanie ;)
Her contributions for science was the understanding of the fine molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal and graphite.
She was best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA.
Rosalind was first educated at St Paul's Girls' School and North London Collegiate School where she excelled in science, Latin and sports. She then went up to Newnham College, Cambridge in 1938, and studied chemistry. In 1941 she was awarded Second Class Honours in her Finals. This was accepted as a bachelor's degree for employment. Cambridge University awarded her a Ph.D. in 1945.
On 16 April 1958, she died due to ovarian cancer.
Characteristics that makes her a good and successful scientist was that she never gave up and lose hope. She did her best and made a few contributions for science that we learn now.
Done by: Nur Filzah and Noor Zaydah Hilwanie ;)
Gregor Mmendel ($arah and sabrina)
His real name is actually name is Johann but he changed it to Gregor. he was born into a ethnic German family. He worked in a farm owned by his family. Later on in his life, he went to Gymnasium( school name), University of Olomouc, Augustinian Abbey of St. Thomas then University of Vienna.
So his famous experiment was plant hybirdization. It means taking the genes of a plant and mixing it with another plant's gene. Then it turns into a nother plant. A cross breed. It also has something to do with human genetic. Like how our genes are from both our Mother and Father but for plants it's slightly different. And during his time, plants were already hybirdizated. Because, if you study the reproduction system of a plant, it's easy for the plants to mate.
Soon, after studying plant hybirdization, he moved on with animal's hybirds. He started with honeybees because when he was younger he did study bee keeping (wierdo). But, alas, the queen bee had too many mates:) He had difficulties controlling them. Lol.
So bottomline, he did not complete the animal's hybird because he can't get the clear picture of their heredity line. But in 1868 he had to stop his science works to attend to life matters.
His works was only reconised a few decades after his death. He is also known as Father of Modern Genetics...
PS: His work was rejected when he was alive. Thanks for ur time...
So his famous experiment was plant hybirdization. It means taking the genes of a plant and mixing it with another plant's gene. Then it turns into a nother plant. A cross breed. It also has something to do with human genetic. Like how our genes are from both our Mother and Father but for plants it's slightly different. And during his time, plants were already hybirdizated. Because, if you study the reproduction system of a plant, it's easy for the plants to mate.
Soon, after studying plant hybirdization, he moved on with animal's hybirds. He started with honeybees because when he was younger he did study bee keeping (wierdo). But, alas, the queen bee had too many mates:) He had difficulties controlling them. Lol.
So bottomline, he did not complete the animal's hybird because he can't get the clear picture of their heredity line. But in 1868 he had to stop his science works to attend to life matters.
His works was only reconised a few decades after his death. He is also known as Father of Modern Genetics...
PS: His work was rejected when he was alive. Thanks for ur time...
| Gregor Johann Mendel | |
|---|---|
 |
Thomas Alva Edison
| Born | Thomas Alva Edison February 11, 1847 Milan, Ohio, United States |
|---|---|
| Died | October 18, 1931 (aged 84) West Orange, New Jersey, United States |
| Occupation | Inventor, scientist, businessman |
| Religion | Deist |
| Spouse | Mary Stilwell (m. 1871–1884) Mina Miller (m. 1886–1931) |
| Children | Marion Estelle Edison (1873–1965) Thomas Alva Edison Jr. (1876–1935) William Leslie Edison (1878–1937) Madeleine Edison (1888–1979) Charles Edison (1890–1969) Theodore Miller Edison (1898–1992) |
| Parents | Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804–1896) Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810–187 |
Thomas Alva Edison
Surprisingly, little "Al" Edison, who was the last of seven children in his family, did not learn to talk until he was almost four years of age. Immediately thereafter, he began pleading with every adult he met to explain the workings of just about everything he encountered. If they said they didn't know, he would look them straight in the eye with his deeply set and vibrant blue-green eyes and ask them "Why?”
Contrary to popular belief, Thomas Edison was not born into poverty in a backwater mid-western town. Actually, he was born -on Feb. 11, 1847 - to middle-class parents in the bustling port of Milan, Ohio, a community that - next to Odessa, Russia - was the largest wheat shipping center in the world. In 1854, his family moved to the vibrant city of Port Huron, Michigan, which ultimately surpassed the commercial preeminence of both Milan and Odessa....
Events and inventions…..
1847- Born on February 11th at Milan, Ohio.
1854- Moved to Port Huron, Mich.
1857 -Set up a chemical laboratory in the cellar of his home.
1859 -Became a newsboy and "candy butcher" on the trains of the Grand Trunk Railway, running between Port Huron and Detroit.
1862- Printed and published "The Weekly Herald," the first newspaper ever to be typeset and printed on a moving train. The London Times features a story on him and his paper, giving him his first exposure to international notoriety. Cool!!(:
1862 -Saved - from otherwise certain death in a train accident - the young son of J. U. Mackenzie, station agent at Mount Clemens, Mich. In gratitude, the child's father taught him telegraphy. Phew!!
1862 -Strung a telegraph line from the Port Huron railway station to Port Huron village and worked in the local telegraph office.
1863 -Obtained his first position as a regular telegraph operator on the Grand Trunk Railway at Stratford Junction, Canada. Later, is resigned by them to help develop a duplex system of telegraphy 
1863-1868 Spent nearly five years as a telegraph "tramp operator" in various cities of the Central Western states, always experimenting with ways to improve the apparatus.
1868 -Entered the office of Western Union in Boston as a telegraph operator. Becomes friendly with other early electricians - especially a later associate of Alexander Graham Bell named Benjamin Franklin Bredding - who was much more knowledgeable than both himself and Bell on the state-of-the-art of telegraphy and electricity. Entered the private telegraph line business on a very modest scale. Resigned from Western Union - was about to be fired anyway - in order to conduct further experimentation on multiplexing telegraph signals.
1868- Came up with his first patented invention, an Electrical Vote Recorder. Application for this patent was signed 0n October 11, 1968. Because the invention was way ahead of its time, it was heartily denigrated by politicians... He now becomes much more oriented towards making certain there is a strong public demand and associated market for anything he tries to invent.
1869-Landed in New York City by way of a Boston steamship, poor, penniless, and in debt. While seeking work, chanced being in the operating room of the Gold & Stock Telegraph Company when their ticker apparatus broke down. No one but he was able to fix it, As a result, he was given a job as superintendent at the remarkable wage of $300 per month.
1869-Went into partnership with Franklin L. Pope as an electrical engineer. Radically improved stock tickers and patented several associated inventions, among which were the Universal Stock Ticker and the Unison Device.
1870-Received the first cash payment for one of his inventions, a $40,000 check. Sent money back to his financially desperate parents. Opened a manufacturing shop in Newark, where he made stock tickers and worked on developing the quadruplex telegraph.
1871-Assisted Sholes, the inventor of the typewriter, in making the first successful working model of that device.
1872-1876:Worked on and patented several of his most important inventions, including the motograph and automatic telegraph systems such as the quadruplex, sextuplex and multiplex telegraph which saved Western Union many millions of dollars in wiring. Also invented paraffin paper (which was first used for wrapping candies), the electric pen, the forerunner of the present day mimeograph machine, the carbon rheostat, the microtasimeter, etc.
1876-1877:Invented the carbon telephone transmitter "button", which finally made telephony a commercial success. Significantly, this invention not only led to the development of the microphone, which made early radio possible, but the solid state "diode" or transistor which makes so many of today's electronic devices possible. Invented the phonograph. (The patent on which was later issued by the United States Patent Office - within two months after its application - without a single reference.
1878-Continued to improve the phonograph. Later in the year, went with an astronomical party to Rawlins, Wyoming for rest and to test his new microtasimeter during an eclipse of the sun. Associates key him in to the world-wide need for a workable incandescent light bulb. Upon returning, he began to investigate the "electric light problem in earnest."
1878 -Became the first to apply the term "filament" to a fine wire that glows when carrying an electric current. In a prophetic article in the North American Review he foreshadowed ten prominent uses for the phonograph - all since accomplished - including its combination with the telephone, which became a reality in 1914 with the perfection of the Telescribe. 
(phonogragh)
(phonogragh)1879 -Invented the first commercially practical incandescent electric lamp. The lamp itself was perfected on October 21st, 1879, on which day there was put into circuit the first bulb embodying the principles known as the "Edison modern incandescent lamp." This bulb maintained its incandescence for over 40 hours.
1879- Made radical improvements on the construction of dynamos, including the mica laminated armature and mica insulated commutator. Also constructed the first practical generators for the systems of distribution of current for lighting. Invented and improved upon numerous systems of generation, distribution, regulation and, measurement of electric current and voltage. Invented sockets, switches, insulating tape, etc. (Meanwhile, he also invented gummed paper tape now commonly used in place of twine or string for securing packages.)
1879-Constructed the first electric motor ever made for a 110 to 120 volt line at Menlo Park, N. J. This device is still in existence and operative, and is located in the Edison Historical Collection in New Jersey. On December 31, gave the first public demonstration of an electric lighting system in streets and buildings at Menlo Park, N. J., utilizing underground mains.
(electric motor)
(electric motor)1880-Invented further improvements in systems and details for electric lighting and laid the first groundwork for introducing them on a commercial basis. Established the first incandescent lamp factory at Menlo Park, N. J.
1880-Invented a magnetic ore separator. Invented and installed the first life-sized electric railway for handling freight and passengers at Menlo Park, N. J.
1881-Opened business offices at No. 65 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Established his second and improved commercial incandescent lamp factory at Harrison, N. J. Also organized and established shops at 104 Goerck St., 108 Wooster St., and 65 Washington St. in New York City, for the manufacture of dynamos, underground conductors, sockets, switches, fixtures, meters, etc.
1882-On September 4th, he commenced operation of the first profit oriented central station in the United States in New York City, for the distribution of current for electric lighting.
1882-1883 Designed and contracted for the first three-wire central station for distributing electric light, power, and heat - in standardized form - in Brockton, Massachusetts. By October, had completed construction of that station. Discovered a previously unknown phenomenon that later came to be known as the "Edison effect," but he called "Etheric Force." Specifically, determined that an independent wire, grid, or plate placed between the legs of the filament of an incandescent lamp acted as a "damper" or valve to control the flow of current. The associated Patent No. 307,031 was issued to him later that year. Twelve years later these previously unknown phenomena were recognized as electric waves in free space and became the foundation of wireless telegraphy. Most significantly, this discovery - along with his carbon button - involved the foundation principles upon which the diode was later invented, and upon which radio, television, and computer transistors are based. Moved from Newark to a new laboratory at Menlo Park...
1883-Constructed the first, relatively crude, three-wire central system for electric lighting in a simple wooden structure in Sunbury, Pa.
1880-1887 Underwent his most strenuous years of invention as he extended and improved greatly upon his electric light, heat, and power systems. Took out over three hundred patents, many of which were of extraordinary and fundamental importance. The most were those relating to "dividing" electric power and standardizing the three-wire system and improving its associated generation and feeder system.
1881 - 1887 Invented a system of wireless telegraphy, (by induction) to and from trains in motion, or between moving trains and railway stations. The system was installed on the Lehigh Valleys R. R. in 1887, and was used there for several years. Invented a wireless system of communication between ships at sea, ships and shore and ships and distant points on land. Patent No. 465,971 was issued on this invention, the application having been filed May 23, 1885 - two years prior to the publication of the work of Hertz. Most significantly, this patent was eventually purchased from Edison by the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company.
1887 Moved his center of experimentation to the laboratory at West Orange, New Jersey.
1887-1890 Made major improvements on the brown wax and black wax cylinder phonograph. Obtained over eighty related patents, while establishing a very extensive commercial business in the manufacture and sale of phonographs and records, including associated dictating machines, "shaveable" records, and shaving machines.
1891- Made a number of inventions associated with improving electric railways.
1891-Invented and patented the motion picture camera. This mechanism, with its continuous tape-like film, made it possible to take, reproduce, and project motion pictures as we see and hear them today.
1891-1900 Developed his great iron ore enterprise, in which he did some of his most brilliant engineering work. One of his most important inventions of this period was a giant roller machine for breaking large masses of rock and finely crushing them. Invented the Fluoroscope...realizing the necessity and value of a practical fluorescent screen for making examinations with X-rays, he made thousands of crystallizations of single and double chemical salts and finally discovered that crystals of Calcium Tungstate made in a particular way were highly fluorescent to the X-ray. Also made many several improvements on the X-ray tube.
1900 - 1910 Invented and perfected the steel alkaline storage battery and made it a commercial success.
1900 -1909 Established his once famous Portland Cement Co. and made many important inventions relating to the processes involved in the production of pre-cast buildings. In 1907, he introduced the first concrete mold for making one-piece houses called "single piece cast concrete homes." The unique type of kiln he developed for making these houses proved to be of great importance in the cement industry.
1902-1903 Worked on improving the Edison Primary Battery. Continued to invent improvements to his phonograph - his favorite invention - and associated cylinders.
1905 Introduced a revolutionary new type of dictating machine, which enabled the dictator to hear repetitions and make paper scale corrections.
1907 Introduced the Universal Electric Motor which made it possible to operate dictating machines etc. on all lighting circuits.
1910-1914 Worked on - and much improved - the disc phonograph, resulting in the production of records and playing instruments which reproduce vocal and instrumental music with overtones that had relatively "extraordinary fidelity and sweetness." Introduced the diamond point reproducer and the "indestructible" record, thereby commencing a new era in phonographs.
1912 -Having spent many previous years in its general development and perfection, finally introduced the Kinetophone or talking motion picture.
1913 -Introduced an important automatic correction device for the dictating machine.
1914- Being the largest individual user in the United States of carbolic acid (for making phonograph records), he found himself at the onset of World War One in danger of being compelled to close his factory by reason of a related embargo placed on exporting said substance by England and Germany. The basic issue was that carbolic acid was in great demand for the purpose of making explosives. He now devised an alternative method for making carbolic acid synthetically, and finally put crews of men to work twenty four hours a day to build a related plant. By the eighteenth day, was producing carbolic acid, and within four weeks was turning out a ton of it per day.
1914- On the night of December 9th his great plant at West Orange, N. J. was the scene of a spectacular fire. As soon as he saw the scope of this conflagration he enthusiastically sent word to several friends and members of his family, advising them to "Get down here quick.... you may never have another chance to see anything like this again!" Within hours after the fire had been extinguished, he had given orders for the complete rehabilitation of the plant. Early the next morning he arrived with a gang of men and began to supervise the task of clearing the debris. Hundreds more workers were added throughout the day, and the project continued around the clock for several months until an even larger and more efficient facility than the original had been completed.
1914 -Invented the Telescribe, combining the telephone and the dictating phonograph, thus permitting - for the first time - the recording of both sides of a telephone conversation.
1915- Because military conflicts in Europe had created an enormous demand for phenols, and supplies were uncertain, he invented the first synthetic form of carbolic acid (C6H6O). Next, after evaluating all of the literature available on the erection and operation of benzol (C6H6) absorbing plants, he drew up plans for
benzine-making facility that could be readily installed. Although it had previously taken nine months to a year to install such a facility, his first such structure was put into operation in just forty five days. A larger plant designed for the Woodward Iron Company at Woodward, Ala., was completed in only 60 days. At about this time, he also built two other large benzol plants in Canada, each of were was put into operation in less than sixty days. All these plants became highly successful commercial operations, producing benzol, toluol, solvent naphtha, xylol, and naphthalene.
benzine-making facility that could be readily installed. Although it had previously taken nine months to a year to install such a facility, his first such structure was put into operation in just forty five days. A larger plant designed for the Woodward Iron Company at Woodward, Ala., was completed in only 60 days. At about this time, he also built two other large benzol plants in Canada, each of were was put into operation in less than sixty days. All these plants became highly successful commercial operations, producing benzol, toluol, solvent naphtha, xylol, and naphthalene.
1915 -In the early months of this year, he conceived the idea of helping out the struggling textile and rubber industries of America by making myrbane, aniline oil, and aniline salt, which, are still important commercial substances, and which had been previously imported from Germany. Following his usual procedure, he first exhausted the literature on the subject, and then laid out the plant. By bringing great pressure to bear on his workers - and by working day and night himself - he constructed the plant in just forty five working days, commenced deliveries in June, and was soon turning out over 4,000 pounds of these products per day.
1915 -During World War One, the dyeing industry was suffering from a great scarcity of paraphenylenediamine, formerly imported from Germany. Since he was using the chemical in the manufacture of records for his Diamond Disc Phonograph and was no longer able to procure it, he experimented until he found a way to synthesize it. Much pressure was now brought to bear upon him to supply some of it to fur dyers and others. He equipped a separate plant for this purpose and ultimately manufactured over a ton a day.
1915 -The great scarcity of carbolic acid in America now brought innumerable requests to him to sell some of this product. His first such plant worked well, producing about 7,000 pounds a day. This, however, soon proved to be insufficient to supply the demand. He now projected and installed another plant with a capacity of about 7,000 pounds additional per day. As he devised improved processes for use in the latter plant there were a vast number of difficult problems to overcome. However, with his usual energy and dogged perseverance - involving many weeks of strenuous work - he finally prevailed.
1916 -Worked several months making important improvements in the manufacture of disc phonograph records and new methods and devices for recording. Worked on improved methods and processes producing his chemical products. Worked out processes for making a paramidaphenol base, hydrochloride benzidine base, and sulphate and constructed new plants for their manufacture. As President of the Naval Consulting Board, he did a great deal of work connected with national defense.
1917-1918 Worked on special experiments relating to defense for the United States Government. See below.
I Locating positions of guns by sound ranging.
2 Detecting submarines by sound from moving vessels.
3 Detecting, on moving vessels, the discharge of torpedoes by submarines.
4 The faster turning of ships.
5 Strategic plans for saving cargo boats from harm by enemy submarines.
6 Development of collision mats for submarines and ships.
7 Methods for guiding merchant ships out of mined harbors.
8 Oleum cloud shells.
9 Camouflaging ships.
10 Blocking torpedoes with nets.
11 Increased power for torpedoes.
12 Coastal patrol by submarine buoys.
13 Destroying periscopes with machine guns.
14 Cartridges for taking soundings.
15 Sailing lights for convoys.
16 Smudging skyline.
1 17 Underwater searchlights.
18 High speed signaling with searchlights.
19 Water penetrating projectiles.
20 Airplane detection.
21 Observing periscopes in silhouette.
Edison was awarded 1,368 separate and distinct patents during his lifetime. He passed away at age 84 on October 18th, 1931 - on the anniversary date of his invention of the incandescent bulb. that is the jouney of his life..it was amazing!
-iman n huda-
17/1/11
Marie Sklodawska Curie(Nazuha &Miza)
Marie was born on 7 November 1867 and died on 4 July 1934.She was born in Warswaw(France).Marie was a polish(French).She was a French Physicist and chemist famous for her work on radioactivity.She was the first ever female professor at the University of Paris.Her husband Pierre Curie shared her Nobel prize in physics.Curie was the first woman to win the Nobel prize and is the only woman to win the award in two different fields.
Ooooooohlaaalaaa..... ^.^
Rosalind Franklin ( Part one)
Name: Rosalind Franklin
Live at: Notting Hill in London
Died on: 16 April 1958 due to ovarian cancer
Roslaind Franklin was born in London in the 20s on 25th July 1920.
She attend the school, St. Paul's Girl's School. In 1942, she began carrying out researching at the british Coal Utilization Research Association.Over the next four years, she helped to develop carbon fire technology
In 1947, Rozalind went to the centaral Goverment laboratory for Chemistry in Paris.
She worked on X-ray siffraction until 1951 when she moved to King's Collage in London. She Produced X-ray diffraction pictures of DNA which were published in nature.
In 1956, Rosalind first began to suspect a health problem, she found out that she could no longer do up her skirt because she had a lump around her abdomen. An operation in september in 1956, the same year,it was reveald that there are two tumors in her abdomen.
She died at the age of 37 in the year 1958 due to ovary cancer.
Done By:
Zaydah and Filzah...
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